Open wireless architecture (owa) unified airborne and terrestrial communications architecture

ABSTRACT

This invention relates to an Open Wireless Architecture (OWA) unified airborne and terrestrial communications architecture providing optimal high-speed connections with open radio transmission technologies (RTTs) between aircrafts and ground cells, and between different aircrafts in Ad-Hoc or Mesh network group, to construct the multi-dimensional unified information delivery platform across the airborne networks and the terrestrial networks wherein the same OWA mobile device or OWA mobile computer can be used seamlessly and continuously both in the aircrafts and on the ground.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

This invention relates to an Open Wireless Architecture (OWA) Unified Airborne and Terrestrial Communications architecture with open radio transmission technologies between aircrafts and ground cells, and between different aircrafts in ad-hoc or mesh network manner to build the unified broadband information delivery platform across the airborne networks and the terrestrial networks wherein the same OWA mobile device can be used seamlessly and continuously both in the aircrafts and on the ground.

2. Description of the Related Art

Commercial wireless mobile communications including terrestrial cellular network and airborne network have been developed for long time. However, their architecture remains very closed, especially the airborne network technology is still in the earlier dates.

As the ground networking technology is expanding to the space domain which is to develop the next generation Internet technology for the ground-air infrastructure, a unified airborne and terrestrial networking solution becomes the mission-critical demand for everyone in the industry.

The current airborne communications have the following fatal problems:

-   -   a. Transmission speed is too slow, and both transmission and         system architectures are too closed;     -   b. Too much relying on Satellite communications which are too         expensive to be used in commercial environment;     -   c. It is too difficult to ensure the radio transmission safety         issue for the traditional wireless device used in commercial         aircrafts, and therefore all such wireless devices must be         turned off in the aircrafts;     -   d. Some available non-satellite based transmission technology         for airborne network is very much limited to certain specific         wireless standard only without the capability to support the         overall requirements of the future airborne communications;     -   e. There is no solution available for seamless connections         across the terrestrial networks and the airborne networks.

The above problems exist in the prior arts as follows:

1. Satellite-Based Airborne Networks

This technology has been in the industry for about 50 years. However, satellite equipments both in aircrafts and skies are very expensive, and because of power issues in the satellite, the transmission speed is must limited which is not a cost-effective solution in providing broadband connections for users in the aircrafts. In addition, most commercial mobile devices do not support satellite communications except a purely broadcasting satellite receiver.

Commercial networks require both cost-effective and performance-efficient solution among the features of transmission speed, mobility handover and network capacity. Satellite network has problems in cost issue and transmission speed issue, and therefore is not appropriate for commercial applications.

2. Land-Based VHF/UHF Airborne Networks

This solution was proposed in 1960s for the airborne networks. However, VHF (very high frequency) and UHF (Ultra high frequency) are mostly used for terrestrial broadcasting (one way) services and there are not enough two-way transceivers on the ground. Furthermore, VHF/UHF has been already used by airline industry for airborne radio, navigation information and flight information mostly in the form of voice, text, fax and short video, etc. In addition, the transmission speed over VHF/UHF channel is quite limited, and not appropriate for broadband high-speed connections between the aircrafts and the ground.

3. Land-Based CDMA-EVDO Airborne Network

This solution was proposed by Aircell and other companies which use one CDMA (code division multiplex access) technology to connect the aircrafts with the ground cellular towers. Though the CDMA EVDO (Evolution-Data Optimized) standard has many cellular towers in some regions, this solution has the following two fatal problems:

-   -   a. The transmission is limited to EVDO-CDMA only without being         able to connect to other wireless standards in different regions         or countries without EVDO;     -   b. Because CDMA has many problems in maintaining the high         network capacity and high-speed transmission, etc in the         airborne communication environment, this single solution is hard         to compliment between the network capacity and the transmission         speed in a commercial environment;

Furthermore, in the above solution, there is no transmission safety control scheme in the airborne in-flight connections, and so various wireless equipments supporting WiMax and PCS, etc are used in the aircrafts which generate a serious radio interference problems with the airborne/aviation navigation and airborne/aviation communication systems. Such separate radio transmission technologies in the closed architecture without an efficient control will not work at all in the commercial airborne networks.

4. SDR Based Airborne Network

Software Defined Radio (SDR) technology was used for airborne network in 1990s which supports multiple wireless standards in the aircraft-ground connections. Though it has been used already by the military applications, it has never been used successfully in commercial environment, because:

-   -   a. SDR is primarily a radio in which the preset operating         parameters including inter alia frequency range, modulation         type, and/or output power limitations can be reset or altered by         software in order to support different radio frequency bands         and/or standards. Though SDR has been improved a lot to support         re-configurability and flexibility, it is a closed architecture         in coupling different radios into one broadband transceiver. In         other words, SDR consumes much more power and spectrum in         exchange of the system flexibility. From the business point of         view, SDR is not a cost-effective solution in wireless         communications;     -   b. Furthermore, SDR uses broadband transceiver to support         multiple wireless standards which is very expensive in the         commercial environment;     -   c. The SDR device will lose synchronization across the airborne         network and the terrestrial network because of its closed         architecture in both systems and transmissions.

Therefore, this solution is also not appropriate for the commercial airborne networks.

In conclusion, all of these known systems fail to meet one or more of the following goals for the airborne network connections:

-   -   a. To provide a cost effective way in securing high-speed         transmission, lossless handover and high network capacity in a         commercial environment;     -   b. To provide a seamless and continuous connection between the         terrestrial network and the in-flight network;     -   c. To support open radio transmission technologies in different         regions and service areas in both aircraft-to-ground and         ground-to-aircraft links;     -   d. To synchronize the mobile device across the airborne network         and the terrestrial network;     -   e. To provide a fully flight-safe connections for the in-flight         wireless network and automatically turn-off the terrestrial         radio transceivers of the mobile devices when in the in-flight         network.

This invention provides a system and method that achieves these goals very well.

The present invention is based on a technology called Open Wireless Architecture (OWA) platform. OWA is different from SDR (software defined radio) as OWA basically maps various wireless standards into open interface parameters and maintain the system platform including RF, baseband, networks and applications an open architecture. Hence, in OWA systems, different modules (both hardware and software) can be from different vendors. It is similar to the open computer architecture in personal computer system and open network architecture in packet router system.

SDR uses broadband transceiver to support multiple wireless standards which is very expensive in the commercial environment. However, OWA converges multiple air interfaces (or called wireless standards or radio transmission technologies—RTTs) in an open system platform to maximize the transmission bandwidth and system performance, but each wireless transmission still uses the narrowband transceiver, therefore maintaining the system in a cost-effective way which is very important for the commercial business.

By using OWA technology, we can converge multiple wireless standards in one open system to support both broadband high-speed radio transmission and seamless fast mobility capability in a mobile fast-fading propagation model environment while maintaining the very high mobile network capacity for the commercial mobile business. In addition, OWA allows allocating multiple air interfaces into an external card so that the users can simply change wireless standards by updating such air interface card without having to change the mobile device or mobile terminal system.

Based on the research report (released on Feb. 11, 2010) by Berkeley Wireless Research Center, University of California at Berkeley, three most important and critical issues in wireless communication terminal device are in power & energy, radio spectrum and open wireless architecture (OWA). As long as we have the OWA system, it can help improve the energy efficiency and spectrum efficiency greatly. This is extremely important for the future converged networks between the terrestrial network and the airborne network, and between the wireless access network and the mobile cellular network, and further between the wireless network and wireline network.

We will explain in more details in the following sections.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

An object of the invention is to overcome at least some of the drawbacks relating to the compromise designs of prior art systems and methods as discussed above.

In order to solve the problems existed in the conventional airborne communications, and meet the goals as discussed, improvement of the current wireless transmission and system architecture is the only and final solution. The Open Wireless Architecture (OWA) approach has been proposed to achieve the above goals and shifted the wireless mobile technology from a transmission-specific radio system to an interface-based open system platform for the complete openness and simplicity of the future unified wireless terrestrial and airborne communications.

This invention discloses a new architecture in converging the terrestrial cellular networks and the airborne communication networks seamlessly and adaptively by utilizing the OWA technology, and enables an OWA-based mobile device being used continuously and seamlessly in both the terrestrial networks and the airborne networks with optimal transmission performance between the aircraft and the ground, and in the airborne in-flight network.

The present invention mainly comprises the following disclosures:

-   -   1. OWA technology allows open radio transmission technologies         (RTTs) for both Up-Link (from ground to aircraft) connection and         Down-Link (from aircraft to ground) connection by implementing         the patented OWA transceiver technology in both OWA.Air         Transceivers in the aircrafts and OWA.Ground Transceivers in the         Ground Cells (or called ground cellular base stations in some         cellular networks). This open RTT approach is very important for         airborne communications because different regions and/or         countries use different RTTs for the terrestrial cellular         networks, and the aircrafts may fly across such different         regions with different RTTs. For example, North America may use         cdma2000 (code division multiplex access) family RTT and/or OFDM         (orthogonal frequency division multiplex) family RTT while Asia         may use TD-SCDMA (time-division synchronized code division         multiplex access) family RTT and/or WCDMA (wideband code         division multiplex access) family RTT for the terrestrial         cellular networks. Even in the same country, different regions         may use different RTTs in terrestrial networks.     -   2. OWA technology allows open radio transmission technologies         (RTTs) for mobile devices or mobile computers to connect to the         available networks seamlessly and continuously both in the         aircrafts and on the ground. The Mobile Users with OWA mobile         devices or computers do not have to turn off their devices or         computers when on board the aircrafts because the OWA.inFlight         protocol will automatically switch the OWA device to the         flight-safe In-Flight mode fully in compliance with the airborne         regulations and guidelines. As long as the aircrafts leave the         airport gate, the In-Flight Pilot signal received by the OWA         mobile device or computer will immediately turn off all the         terrestrial radio transceivers in the device or computer and         switch to the In-Flight mode accordingly before connecting to         the in-flight mobile network fully in compliance with the         airborne regulations.     -   3. OWA technology enables the airborne mobile handover between         the aircraft and the ground cells seamless and lossless because         the airborne navigation information and the ground cells'         information are predictable and well planned in advance, and         hence the aforementioned OWA.Air Transceivers and OWA.Ground         Transceivers can always find the best possible RTT for both the         Up-Link and Down-Link connections well before the handover         occurring. In different regions or same region with different         weather or different situations, the air-ground connections         (Up-Link and/or Down-Link) may need different or multiple RTTs         dynamically or adaptively to optimize the transmission bandwidth         or performance, and therefore OWA technology is the best         solution to fulfill this requirement. Meanwhile, the air-ground         connections may be unbalanced in Up-Link and Down-Link, for         example, if most uses in the aircraft browse the websites         through Internet, the Up-Link traffics are much more than         Down-Link traffics, and in this situation, the aforementioned         OWA.Ground Transceivers need to use high-speed broadband RTT to         connect the aforementioned OWA.Air Transceivers in the Up-Link         channels. In addition, during airborne mobile handover process         and high-speed connection period, but not limited thereto, the         aforementioned OWA.Ground Transceivers will use antenna         beam-forming technology to send strong narrow beams in         connecting the aforementioned OWA.Air Transceivers of the         aircraft for the optimized connections between the aircraft and         the ground cells. The aforementioned OWA.Ground Transceivers         also utilize advanced space-time antenna array technology, etc         to maximize the receiving performance and transmitting         performance for the airborne links, for example, but not limited         thereto, the distributed MIMO (multiple-in multiple-out) with         multiple antennas.     -   4. OWA technology enables same or different radio transmission         technologies (RTTs) in Up-Link and Down-Link, as set forth         above, to maximize the transmission efficiency and performance         in different commercial environments because in some regions the         wireless spectrum availability in either links may be different,         and the available RTTs in either links may also be different.     -   5. OWA technology enables one aircraft to connect to another         aircraft in an Ad-Hoc or Mesh network group through the         aforementioned OWA.Air Transceivers. The Ad-Hoc or Mesh network         group comprises the aircrafts with the shortest distance and/or         slowest speed between each other within certain amount of time,         and this group is updated frequently at certain interval. If any         group aircraft is close to a ground airport, either before         landing or passing by, this aircraft equipped with the         aforementioned OWA.Air Transceivers will connect the Ad-Hoc or         Mesh network to the ground airport to relay or dispatch the         airborne in-flight information and traffics to the ground         network and vice verse. The aforementioned Ad-Hoc or Mesh         network can construct the broadband airborne information         delivery highway among the group aircrafts and build the         cost-effective airborne networks because there are lots of         aircrafts flying in the same flight routes every day across the         country and on the worldwide basis. This solution is very useful         for the airborne network connections especially when the         aircrafts are flying over the ocean where there are no ground         cells available for the ground connection, but there is always         at least one group member aircraft close to an airport in the         same Ad-Hoc or Mesh group, either before landing, after take-off         or passing by. Any OWA.Air Transceiver, as set forth above,         supports multiple RTTs in one system based on OWA technology,         and can adaptively connect to other OWA.Air Transceiver in other         aircraft with optimal RTT connection(s) in different         environments.     -   6. OWA technology enables the Virtual Mobile Server (VMS) on the         ground to synchronize and manage the OWA mobile devices or         computers, as set forth above, between the terrestrial mode and         the in-flight mode when mobile users travel across airborne         networks and terrestrial networks, and to support OWA Mobile         Cloud architecture so that many processing tasks and/or modules         can be moved from the OWA mobile devices or computers to the OWA         VMS, as set forth above. This is important to make the future         mobile device or mobile notebook simple to use and simple to         operate, and optimize its transmission and system performance         including power efficiency, spectrum efficiency and cost         effectiveness.     -   7. OWA technology enables the OWA mobile devices or mobile         notebooks connecting to the OWA.onBoard wireless router and         access point in a flight-safe In-Flight wireless network         supporting these safe in-flight RTTs:         -   a. Standard wireless local area network (WLAN) with reduced             and lowest possible transmitting power for airborne             in-flight connection, fully monitored and controlled at all             times by the aforementioned OWA.onBoard Wireless Router and             Access Point to avoid any frequency interference with any             aviation communication and navigation systems,         -   b. Modified wireless local area network for airborne             in-flight connection (WLAN.Air) which is completely in             compliance with the airborne communication regulations and             guidelines,         -   c. Standard wireless personal access network or personal             area network (WPAN) with reduced and lowest possible             transmitting power for airborne in-flight connection, fully             monitored and controlled at all times by the aforementioned             OWA.onBoard Wireless Router and Access Point to avoid any             frequency interference with any aviation communication and             navigation systems, and         -   d. Modified wireless personal access network for airborne             in-flight connection (WPAN.Air) which is completely in             compliance with the airborne communication regulations and             guidelines.     -   The search order of the connection modes between the         OWA.inFlight Mobile Device/Notebook (same aforementioned OWA         mobile device or notebook in the in-flight mode) and the         OWA.onBoard Wireless Router and Access Point, as set forth         above, can be re-configured or re-set by the mobile users or the         aircrafts. By default, the search order is by WLAN.Air,         WPAN.Air, WLAN, WPAN, Wireline.     -   The aforementioned OWA.onBoard Wireless Router and Access Point         manages and monitors the aforementioned flight-safe RTTs to         ensure there is no frequency interference with the         aircraft/aviation communication and navigation systems.

Based on our long-time research on wireless transmissions and seamless mobility management, no SINGLE wireless standard (or call radio transmission technology—RTT) can support both broadband high-speed transmission and seamless mobility in a commercial environment, and therefore the broadband transmission, seamless mobility and network capacity are the three contradictory elements in a SINGLE wireless RTT of commercial environment. To meet all these three requirements, we need to converge multiple wireless standards (or RTTs) on an open platform in both transmission level and system level, and therefore, the Open Wireless Architecture (OWA) technology was proposed and developed.

The OWA technology is extremely important for the unified terrestrial and airborne communications in terms of spectrum efficiency, transmission efficiency, energy efficiency, performance efficiency as well as cost-effectiveness in a commercial environment.

The details of the present invention are disclosed in the following drawings, descriptions as well as the claims based on the abovementioned elements.

The various aspects, features and advantages of the disclosure will become more fully apparent to those having ordinary skill in the art upon careful consideration of the following detailed description thereof with the accompanying drawings described below.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

For the full understanding of the nature of the present invention, reference should be made to the following detailed descriptions with the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 is an Open Wireless Architecture (OWA) Unified Airborne Network (AirNet) Infrastructure,

FIG. 2 is a detailed AirNet Architecture based on OWA technology,

FIG. 3 introduces the OWA.inFlight Mobile Network in the aircraft cabins,

FIG. 4 discloses the OWA.inFlight Mobile Access Control method, and

FIG. 5 describes the detailed OWA.Air Connection Control method for the airborne networks.

Like reference numerals refer to like parts throughout the several views of the drawings.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

The present inventions now will be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which some examples of the embodiments of the inventions are shown. Indeed, these inventions may be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein; rather, these embodiments are provided by way of example so that this disclosure will satisfy applicable legal requirements. Like numbers refer to like elements throughout.

The present invention relates to an Open Wireless Architecture (OWA) unified airborne and terrestrial communication networks providing optimal high-speed connections with open radio transmission technologies (RTTs) between aircrafts and ground cells, and between different aircrafts in Ad-Hoc or Mesh group, to construct the multi-dimensional unified information delivery platform across the airborne networks and the terrestrial networks wherein the same OWA mobile device or OWA mobile computer can be used seamlessly and continuously both in the aircrafts and on the ground.

FIG. 1 describes the Open Wireless Architecture (OWA) Unified Airborne and Terrestrial Networking Infrastructure. The airborne connections have two different ways:

-   -   1. The moving aircrafts, equipped with OWA.Air Transceivers,         connect to the Ground Cell towers with OWA.Ground Transceivers         through the Airborne Mobile Handover protocol. Since the         aircraft navigation routes are predictable and pre-loaded in the         airborne system, and the ground cells' information is also known         in advance, this airborne mobile handover is actually well         planned when in flight.     -   2. Furthermore, because the airborne handover is fully         predictable, the associated ground cells of handover will be         able to form the narrow antenna beams well in advance and         prepare for handover in an optimal way to maximize the         transmission throughput.         -   In addition, the aircrafts may use space-time technologies             of multiple antennas to connect the ground cells for the             high-speed broadband transmission.         -   OWA technology allows open radio transmission technologies             between the ground cells and the aircrafts so that the             Up-Link (from ground to aircraft) and Down-Link (from             aircraft to ground) connections are always optimized.     -   3. The moving aircraft, equipped with aforementioned OWA.Air         Transceivers, connects to other moving aircraft with         aforementioned OWA.Air Transceivers in an Ad-Hoc or Mesh network         topology, to construct the broadband high-speed transmission         channels as the Over-the-Air Information Delivery and Relay         Platform.         -   The Ad-Hoc or Mesh group comprises the aircrafts with the             shortest distance and/or slowest speed between each other             within certain amount of time, and the group is updated             frequently at certain interval.         -   If the moving aircraft is close to a ground airport, either             after take-off, before landing or passing by, this moving             aircraft, equipped with the aforementioned OWA.Air             Transceiver, further connects to the assigned ground airport             by separate OWA aircraft-ground links, to connect the Ad-Hoc             or Mesh network with the ground backbone network and             dispatch the airborne traffics to the ground network, and             vice verse.         -   Again, OWA technology allows open radio transmission             technologies between the moving aircrafts of the Ad-Hoc or             Mesh group, and between the moving aircraft and its assigned             ground airport, to maximize the broadband high-speed             transmissions over the Air Link.

By utilizing the above integrated high-speed transmissions, the unified air networks (called AirNet) are established, and the bandwidth of the aircrafts with the aforementioned OWA.Air Transceivers can be optimized.

The Broadcast Satellite, though not required for this OWA unified AirNet, can be helpful in updating the ground cells information, ground airports information and the airborne navigation routing information, etc.

The ground Virtual Mobile Server (VMS) is utilized to support the OWA Mobile Cloud infrastructure where any mobile users' information in the AirNet can be synchronized in this VMS. In addition, many processing tasks including signal processing and application processing can be done in this VMS as well.

Both OWA.Air transceivers and OWA.Ground transceivers, as set forth above, support open radio transmission technologies (RTTs) in a spectrum-efficient, bandwidth-optimal and cost-effective way, wherein the RTTs include Code Division Multiplex Access (CDMA), Time Division Multiplex Access (TDMA), OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex Access), SDMA (Space Division Multiplex Access) and their combinations, etc, but not limited thereto.

FIG. 2 illustrates the detailed AirNet architecture based on OWA technology. The aforementioned OWA.Air Transceivers in the aircrafts can not only connect to the aforementioned Ground Cells with aforementioned OWA.Ground Transceivers, but also connect to other aircrafts in Ad-Hoc or Mesh network mode. Hence, each aircraft has multiple aforementioned OWA.Air Transceivers installed for such multi-dimensional AirNet connections.

Inside the aircraft cabins, the information received by aforementioned OWA.Air Transceivers from the aforementioned Ground Cells or Ad-Hoc/Mesh network will be routed to the in-flight mobile users (in-flight Passengers) through the OWA.onBoard Wireless Router and Access point, and vice verse.

The aforementioned OWA.Air Transceivers in the aircrafts support open radio transmission technologies (RTTs) in a spectrum-efficient and bandwidth-optimized way, wherein the RTTs include Code Division Multiplex Access (CDMA), Time Division Multiplex Access (TDMA), OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex Access), SDMA (Space Division Multiplex Access) and their combinations, but not limited thereto. The aforementioned OWA.Air Transceivers can also enable different RTTs in the Up-Link (from ground to aircrafts) and Down-Link (from aircrafts to ground) channels subject to spectrum, service and specific transmission requirements, but not limited thereto.

The aforementioned OWA.onBoard Wireless Router and Access Point support the low-power and flight-safe wireless local area network (WLAN) and/or wireless personal access network (or called personal area network) (WPAN) so that the in-flight mobile users can access to the OWA.onBoard Wireless Router and Access Point, as set forth above, wirelessly and seamlessly inside the aircraft cabins. The aforementioned in-flight wireless network by aforementioned WLAN and/or WPAN is fully controlled and monitored by aforementioned OWA.onBoard Wireless Router and Access Point to avoid any frequency interference with any aviation communication and navigation systems.

The Up-Link from the Ground Cells to the Aircrafts is a broadband high-speed link wherein the Ground Cells' Transceivers, as set forth above, form the narrow beams adaptively with strong transmitting powers and directional antennas (or antennas array) to connect to the associated OWA.Air Transceivers, as set forth above, to construct the very high-speed transmission link. In comparison, the Down-Link from the Aircrafts to the Ground Cells is a regular transmission link because most of the transmission traffics are in the Up-Link direction.

In order to increase the transmission bandwidth and optimize the link performance in both directions (Up-Link and Down-Link), many Space-Time transmission processing technologies (such as Multiple-In Multiple-Out, but not limited thereto) can be utilized in both the OWA.Air Transceivers and the OWA.Ground Transceivers, as set forth above.

The Airborne mobile handover among multiple Ground Cells is based on preloaded navigation routing information and Ground Cells information, and therefore, the aforementioned airborne connection handover is predictable and well planned. This kind of predictable and on-schedule handover can optimize the AirNet connections more effectively and more stably.

The Broadcast Satellite can help broadcast useful Ground information and navigation information, etc for the Airborne networks (AirNet), and help adjust the Airborne Mobile Handover protocol as well as update the Ad-Hoc or Mesh network information with other aircrafts in the same Airborne Group.

The OWA.Ground Transceiver, as set forth above, is a modified terrestrial cellular transceiver system based on OWA platform which can support any cellular radio transmission technology (RTT) including CDMA, TDMA, OFDMA and SDMA, etc, as set forth above. The aforementioned OWA.Ground Transceivers are equipped with Beam-forming technologies and/or advanced antenna array technologies to generate the strong narrow beams in connecting the airborne OWA.Air Transceivers, as set forth above, to construct the aforementioned broadband high-speed Up-Link.

In the regular Down-Link from the OWA.Air Transceivers to the OWA.Ground Transceivers, as set forth above, the aforementioned OWA.Ground Transceiver increases its receiving sensibility by utilizing space-time receiving technologies such as antenna array or distributed MIMO (multiple-in multiple-out) with multiple antennas, but not limited thereto, and maximize its receiving performance across one or multiple OWA.Ground Transceivers, as set forth above.

Because both the Up-Link and the Down-Link use the patented OWA transceiver technology (U.S. Pat. No. 7,522,888, Application No. 20080146178 and so on, etc), the AirNet wireless transmission performance can be optimized and the spectrum efficiency is therefore maximized, especially for the future open spectrum management strategy as well as spectrum sharing, spectrum sensing and/or spectrum recycling strategies.

Based on our long-time research on wireless transmissions and seamless mobility management, no SINGLE wireless standard (or call radio transmission technology—RTT) can support both broadband high-speed transmission and seamless mobility in a commercial environment, and therefore the broadband transmission, seamless mobility and network capacity are the three contradictory elements in a SINGLE wireless RTT of commercial environment. To meet all these three requirements, we need to converge multiple wireless standards (or RTTs) on an open platform in both transmission level and system level, and therefore, the Open Wireless Architecture (OWA) technology was proposed and developed.

In a commercial AirNet environment, the wireless transmission link between the aircraft and the ground cell is very high-speed, and the aircrafts move very fast. Furthermore, the aircrafts may fly over many different regions with different RTTs (or wireless standards) in the terrestrial cellular networks. Hence, the OWA technology is the best solution to converge various RTTs in an optimal way for the best wireless connections between the Aircrafts and the Ground Cells, as set forth above, to construct the open AirNet architecture which can be applied in any commercial airborne communication environment.

FIG. 3 introduces an OWA-based In-Flight Mobile Network which comprises the following:

-   -   1. OWA.onBoard Wireless Router and Access Point, the on-board         wireless base station and wireless router to connect and manage         the In-Flight mobile handheld devices and mobile notebooks         through the wireless channels. The OWA.onBoard Wireless Router         and Access Point, as set forth above, connects to the         aforementioned OWA.Air Transceiver of the aircraft which further         connecting to the Ground Cells or other Aircrafts in Ad-Hoc or         Mesh network.     -   2. OWA.inFlight Mobile Device supporting both terrestrial and         In-Flight communication modes based on OWA platform. Whenever         the OWA Mobile Device receives the In-Flight Pilot Signal of the         aircraft, it automatically turned off the terrestrial radio         transceivers, and switch to the In-Flight mode immediately. The         aforementioned OWA.inFlight Mobile Device then connects to the         OWA.onBoard Wireless Router and Access Point, as set forth         above, to establish the in-flight broadband connections. In the         same or similar way, the OWA.inFlight Mobile Notebooks connect         to the aforementioned OWA.onBoard Wireless Router and Access         Point for the in-flight broadband wireless connections.     -   3. OWA.Air Transceiver and onboard Server caching the In-Flight         users' information and forwarding the In-Flight broadband         information and traffics to the Ground Networks or other         Aircrafts in the Ad-Hoc or Mesh network, as set forth above.

The OWA.onBoard Wireless Router and Access Point, as set forth above, supports the following radio transmission technologies (RTTs):

-   -   1. Standard wireless local area network (WLAN) with reduced and         lowest transmitting power for in-flight application;     -   2. Modified wireless local area network for Airborne         applications (WLAN.Air) which is completely in compliance with         the airborne communication regulations and guidelines;     -   3. Standard wireless personal access network (WPAN) with reduced         and lowest transmitting power for in-flight applications;     -   4. Modified wireless personal access network for Airborne         applications (WPAN.Air) which is completely in compliance with         the airborne communication regulations and guidelines.

When the aforementioned OWA.inFlight Mobile Device or Mobile Notebook is in In-Flight mode, it performs the following tasks immediately:

-   -   1. All terrestrial radio transceivers in the OWA.inFlight Mobile         Device and/or Mobile Notebook are turned OFF automatically;     -   2. OWA.inFlight Mobile Device and/or Mobile Notebook is         connected to OWA.onBoard Wireless Router and Access Point;     -   3. OWA.inFlight Mobile Device and/or Mobile Notebook are         synchronized to the OWA Mobile Cloud VMS (Virtual Mobile Server)         on the Ground. The aforementioned VMS is utilized to be the         virtual secretary for the mobile users in both the terrestrial         and the in-flight applications based on the OWA technology         platform, and multiple OWA mobile devices can share the same VMS         on the Ground, as set forth above.

During In-Flight mode, the aforementioned OWA.inFlight Mobile Device can push any information to the aforementioned VMS, or retrieve any information from the aforementioned VMS. In this way, the OWA mobile device is fully synchronized between the terrestrial mode and the in-flight mode when the mobile users travel across the airborne networks and the terrestrial networks.

By using OWA Mobile Device of unified terrestrial and in-flight modes, the mobile users can continue seamless communications from the Ground networks to the Airborne networks, and from the Airborne networks to the Ground networks. Furthermore, the OWA.inFlight Mobile Device, as set forth above, is in full compliance with the airborne regulations on safety and security, and the users (or passengers) do not have to turn off the mobile devices when on board the aircrafts.

As mobile device becomes the most important communication and information equipment on the worldwide basis, the aforementioned unified terrestrial and in-flight OWA mobile device will drive this future direction in delivering the truly service-oriented information to the mobile users anywhere, anytime and with anyone.

FIG. 4 discloses the access control method of the OWA.inFlight Mobile Device in the aircraft of the Airborne network.

After the users get on board in the aircraft, and the aircraft gets ready for takeoff or in flight (or by some airborne regulations, as long as the aircraft leaves the airport Gate), an In-Flight Pilot Signal will be broadcasted to all the OWA mobile devices or mobile notebooks in the aircraft cabins.

If the OWA Mobile Device does not receive the aforementioned In-Flight Pilot Signal, it remains in the Terrestrial mode with the Ground cellular networks. Otherwise, the aforementioned OWA Mobile Device immediately turns off all the terrestrial radio transceivers of the device, and switch to the In-Flight Mode accordingly.

When in the In-Flight mode, the aforementioned OWA.inFlight Mobile Device checks whether the WLAN.Air radio transmission technology (RTT), as set forth above, is available for the in-flight connection. If available, the aforementioned OWA.inFlight Mobile Device is set in the aforementioned WLAN.Air connection mode, otherwise, it further checks whether the WPAN.Air radio transmission technology (RTT), as set forth above, is available for the in-flight connection. If available, the aforementioned OWA.inFlight Mobile Device is set in the aforementioned WPAN.Air connection mode.

If both the WLAN.Air and WPAN.Air RTTs, as set forth above, are not available for the in-flight connection, the aforementioned OWA.inFlight Mobile Device further searches the standard WLAN radio transmission technology (RTT) or standard WPAN radio transmission technology (RTT). If either of them is available, the aforementioned OWA.inFlight Mobile Device first reduces its radio transmitting power of the aforementioned RTT to the minimal level, then connects to the OWA.onBoard Wireless Router and Access Point, as set forth above, in the aforementioned RTT connection mode.

If all the WLAN.Air, WPAN.Air, WLAN, WPAN RTTs, as set forth above, are not available for the in-flight connection, the aforementioned OWA.inFlight Mobile Device also supports the wireline connection mode by plugging into the OWA.onBoard Wireless Router and Access Point, as set forth above, through a networking cable or other forms of wiring in the aircraft.

If all of the aforementioned connections are failed, the aforementioned OWA.inFlight Mobile Device will restart the access control again from the beginning.

It is emphasized that, as long as the aircraft leaves the airport Gate (in flight, taxing, taking-off, landing), the In-Flight Pilot Signal, as set forth above, remains ON and continues broadcasting to all the OWA mobile devices or mobile notebooks in the aircraft cabins. Therefore, the aforementioned OWA.inFlight Mobile Device maintains in the In-Flight Mode all the time.

Only after the aircraft returns back and stop completely to the airport Gate, the aforementioned In-Flight Pilot Signal can be turned off, and so the aforementioned OWA.inFlight Mobile Device can be switched back to the Terrestrial mode for the ground cellular networks.

Based on different airborne regulations and rulings in different regions, the time to release or turn-off the aforementioned In-Flight Pilot Signal may vary. However, for airborne safety consideration, we strongly suggest to turn off the aforementioned In-Flight Pilot Signal after completely returning to the airport gate.

The search order of the connection modes between the OWA.inFlight Mobile Device and the OWA.onBoard Wireless Router and Access Point, as set forth above, can be re-configured or re-set by the mobile users or the aircrafts. By default, the search order is by WLAN.Air, WPAN.Air, WLAN, WPAN, Wireline, as set forth above.

The aforementioned WLAN.Air and WPAN.Air are the completely safest modes for the In-Flight connection. The aforementioned WLAN and WPAN modes must turn the radio transmitting power to be the lowest possible in compliance with the airborne regulations, and must be fully monitored at all times for the In-Flight connection.

The aforementioned OWA.onBoard Wireless Router and Access Point manages and monitors the aforementioned flight-safe RTTs to ensure there is no frequency interference with the aircraft communication and navigation systems.

The aforementioned In-Flight Pilot Signal is broadcasted to the OWA Mobile Device through a separate broadcasting channel by certain short-distance radio broadcasting technology in the airborne cabins or aircrafts.

FIG. 5 discloses the OWA.Air Connection Control for the Airborne communication networks. There are two different OWA.Air connection methods:

1. Connection Between OWA.Air and OWA.Ground

The aforementioned OWA.Air (OWA.Air Transceiver and its controller) loads the aircraft navigation routing information and the Ground Cells information. Then, the aforementioned OWA.Air detects the current and next Ground Cells for the airborne mobility handover control based on the detention of signal strengths received from the Ground Cells and the updated Ground Cells' sequence by pre-loaded or updated Ground Cells information. When the moving aircraft is ready for handover, the aforementioned OWA.Air transceivers connect and handover among the detected Ground Cells accordingly. After this handover is completed, the aforementioned OWA.Air updates the Ground Cells information for the next handover to come, and repeats the above steps again.

Because the airborne mobility handover is predictable and fully on-schedule, both the Up-Link (from ground to aircraft) and Down-Link (from aircraft to ground) connections of the Airborne Networks can be seamless and lossless during the handover period.

Furthermore, by utilizing advanced space-time transmitting and receiving technologies (such as space diversity, antenna arrays, smart antennas and Multiple-In Multiple-Out antenna technologies, but not limited thereto) in OWA.Air Transceivers and/or OWA.Ground Transceivers, as set forth above, the aforementioned Up-Link and Down-Link connection bandwidth can be maximized and optimized which absolutely improves the airborne network performance.

Furthermore, the OWA.Ground Transceivers, as set forth above, actively and adaptively send strong narrow beams to the associated OWA.Air Transceivers, as set forth above, based on the advanced antenna beam-forming technology, to ensure the broadband high-speed connections in the aforementioned Up-Link channels.

Again, OWA technology allows open radio transmission technologies between the ground cells and the aircrafts so that the Up-Link (from ground to aircraft) and Down-Link (from aircraft to ground) are always optimized.

Further, OWA technology enables same or different radio transmission technologies (RTTs) in Up-Link and Down-Link, as set forth above, to maximize the transmission efficiency and performance in different commercial environments because in some regions the wireless spectrum availability in each link may be different, and the available RTTs in each link may also be different, but not limited thereto.

In addition, in order to combat and overcome the Doppler effect (or Doppler shift) and/or transmission delay for the fast moving aircrafts, the aforementioned OWA.Ground Transceivers can perform additional transmission processing by using antenna calibration technology and/or signal processing technology on the ground.

2. Connection Between OWA.Air and OWA.Air in Different Aircrafts

The aforementioned OWA.Air (OWA.Air Transceiver and its controller) in one aircraft loads the Airborne Group (Ad-Hoc or Mesh network Group) information and the Ground Airports information, where the aforementioned Airborne Group comprises the aircrafts with the shortest distance and/or slowest speed between each other within certain amount of time, and the group is updated frequently at certain interval.

The aforementioned OWA.Air in one aircraft then requests the aforementioned Group member(s) for Ad-Hoc network connection or mesh network connection based on the different airborne networks topology in different regions. The aforementioned OWA.Air keeps sending such request until it is accepted by one new Group Member, as set forth above.

Then, the aforementioned OWA.Air in one aircraft connects the aforementioned new Group Member for Ad-Hoc or Mesh network connection.

If the moving aircraft is close to a ground airport, either after take-off, before landing or passing by, this moving aircraft, equipped with the aforementioned OWA.Air Transceiver, further connects to the assigned ground airport by separate OWA aircraft-ground links, to connect the Ad-Hoc or Mesh network with the ground backbone network and dispatch the airborne traffics to the ground network, and vice verse.

Again, OWA technology allows open radio transmission technologies between the moving aircrafts of the Ad-Hoc or Mesh group, and between the moving aircraft and its assigned ground airport, to maximize the broadband high-speed transmissions over the Air Link.

The aforementioned airborne Ad-Hoc or Mesh networks with OWA.Air Transceivers, as set forth above, provide an optimal way to construct the Over-the-Air high-speed information delivery and information relay platform for the airborne communication networks which can also be utilized to build the next generation network or Internet technology fully converging the terrestrial and airborne communication networks in an open and unified infrastructure.

By utilizing the aforementioned integrated high-speed transmissions with different network topology, the unified airborne networks (called AirNet) are established, and the connection bandwidth of the aircrafts with the ground backbone network can be optimized.

Since many modifications, variations and changes in detail can be made to the described preferred embodiment of the invention, it is intended that all matters in the foregoing description and shown in the accompanying drawings be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense. Thus, the scope of the invention should be determined by the appended claims and their legal equivalents.

Furthermore, many modifications and other embodiments of the inventions set forth herein will come to mind to one skilled in the art to which these inventions pertain having the benefit of the teachings presented in the foregoing descriptions and the associated drawings. Therefore, it is to be understood that the inventions are not to be limited to the specific examples of the embodiments disclosed and that modifications and other embodiments are intended to be included within the scope of the appended claims. Although specific terms are employed herein, they are used in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation. 

1. An Open Wireless Architecture (OWA) Unified Airborne and Terrestrial Communications Architecture, said system comprising: a) OWA.Air Transceiver to connect the Aircraft with the Ground Cells or Ground Airports in both Up-Link (from Ground to Aircraft) and Down-Link (from Aircraft to Ground), or connect one Aircraft with another Aircraft in an Ad-Hoc or Mesh network Group, b) OWA.Ground Transceiver to connect with said OWA.Air Transceiver in both said Up-Link and said Down-Link with Predictable airborne mobile Handover protocol, and connect with said terrestrial Ground Cell and the backbone Ground Network, c) OWA.onBoard Wireless Router and Access Point to construct and manage the safe and reliable In-Flight wireless mobile network in the aircraft cabins, and to connect to said Ground Network through said OWA.Air Transceiver, d) OWA.inFlight Mobile Device or Mobile Notebook to connect to said OWA.onBoard Wireless Router and Access Point for In-Flight mode with said In-Flight wireless mobile network in said aircraft cabins, and seamlessly and continuously switch to Terrestrial mode with said Ground Network when said aircraft returns to or arrive at said Ground Airports, and e) OWA.VMS (Virtual Mobile Server) to synchronize and manage the OWA Mobile Devices or OWA Mobile Notebooks between the Terrestrial mode and the In-Flight mode when mobile users travel across airborne networks and terrestrial networks, and to support OWA Mobile Cloud architecture so that many processing tasks and modules can be moved from said OWA Mobile Devices or OWA Mobile Notebooks to said OWA.VMS to optimize the wireless transmission performance and wireless system performance.
 2. Systems as recited in claim 1 wherein said OWA.Air Transceiver and said OWA.Ground Transceiver communicate each other by open Radio Transmission Technologies (RTTs) based on Open Wireless Architecture (OWA) transceiver platform.
 3. A system as recited in claim 1 wherein said OWA.Ground Transceiver is an improved terrestrial commercial cellular transceiver system with advanced antenna beam-forming technology, and space-time antenna array and diversity technology to generate strong narrow beams to connect said OWA.Air Transceiver for the broadband high-speed connection in said Up-Link, and provide high-performance signal receiving technology from said OWA.Air Transceiver in said Down-Link.
 4. A method as recited in claim 1 wherein said OWA.Ground Transceiver connecting with said OWA.Air Transceiver with said predictable airborne mobile handover protocol, said method comprising: a) Said OWA.Air Transceivers loading the aircraft navigation routing information and said Ground Cells information, b) Said OWA.Air Transceivers detecting the current and next said Ground Cells for the airborne mobility handover control based on the detection of received signal strengths from said OWA.Ground Transceivers of said Ground Cells and the updated Ground Cells' sequence by pre-loaded or said updated Ground Cells information, c) Said OWA.Air Transceivers connecting to and handovering among said detected Ground Cells accordingly through said OWA.Ground Transceivers when the moving aircraft is ready for handover, and d) Said OWA.Air Transceivers updating said Ground Cells information for the next handover to come after this handover is completed, and repeating the above steps again.
 5. A method as recited in claim 1 wherein said OWA.Air Transceiver in one Aircraft connecting with another said OWA.Air Transceiver in another Aircraft in said Ad-Hoc or Mesh network Group, said method comprising: a) Said OWA.Air Transceiver in one moving aircraft loading said Ad-Hoc or Mesh network Group information and Ground Airports information, b) Said OWA.Air Transceiver in said aircraft requesting said Group member(s) for Ad-Hoc network connection or mesh network connection based on different airborne networks topology in different regions, c) Said OWA.Air Transceiver keeping sending such said request until it is accepted by one new Member of said Group, d) Said OWA.Air Transceiver in said aircraft connecting said new Group Member for Ad-Hoc or Mesh network connection, and e) Said moving aircraft, equipped with said OWA.Air Transceiver, further connecting to the assigned ground airport by separate OWA aircraft-ground links through said OWA.Air Transceiver to connect said Ad-Hoc or Mesh network with said backbone ground network and dispatch airborne in-flight information and traffics to said ground network and vice verse if said moving aircraft is close to said ground airport, either after take-off, before landing or passing by.
 6. A system as recited in claim 5 wherein said Ad-Hoc or Mesh network Group comprises aircrafts with the shortest distance and/or slowest speed between each other within certain amount of time, and said group is updated frequently at certain interval.
 7. A system as recited in claim 1 wherein said OWA.onBoard Wireless Router and Access Point supporting following In-Flight radio transmission technologies (RTTs): a) Standard wireless local area network (WLAN) with reduced and lowest possible transmitting power for airborne in-flight connection, fully monitored and controlled at all times by said OWA.onBoard Wireless Router and Access Point to avoid frequency interference with any aviation communication and navigation systems, b) Modified wireless local area network for airborne in-flight connection (WLAN.Air) which is completely in compliance with the airborne communication regulations and guidelines, c) Standard wireless personal access network or personal area network (WPAN) with reduced and lowest possible transmitting power for airborne in-flight connection, fully monitored and controlled at all times by said OWA.onBoard Wireless Router and Access Point to avoid frequency interference with any aviation communication and navigation systems, and d) Modified wireless personal access network or personal area network for airborne in-flight connection (WPAN.Air) which is completely in compliance with the airborne communication regulations and guidelines.
 8. A method as recited in claim 1 wherein said OWA.inFlight Mobile Device or Mobile Notebook connecting to said OWA.onBoard Wireless Router and Access Point for In-Flight mode, said method comprising: a) Said OWA.inFlight Mobile Device or Mobile Notebook immediately turning off all of its terrestrial radio transceivers and switching to said In-Flight mode automatically when receiving an In-Flight Pilot Signal of the aircraft through a separate in-flight broadcasting channel in the aircraft cabins, b) Said OWA.inFlight Mobile Device or Mobile Notebook being connected to said OWA.onBoard Wireless Router and Access Point through said In-Flight RTTs, and c) Said OWA.inFlight Mobile Device or Mobile Notebook being synchronized to said OWA.VMS on the ground, and being able to push any information to said OWA.VMS or retrieve any information from said OWA.VMS.
 9. A system as recited in claim 8 wherein said In-Flight Pilot Signal remains ON and continues broadcasting to all said OWA.inFlight Mobile Devices or Mobile Notebooks in said aircraft cabins to maintain said In-Flight mode as long as said aircraft leaves airport Gate (in flight, taxing, taking-off, landing), and said In-Flight Pilot Signal can be turned off only after said aircraft returns to and stops completely at airport Gate to enable said OWA.inFlight Mobile Device or Mobile Notebook switch back to said Terrestrial Mode with said ground network.
 10. A system as recited in claim 1 wherein said OWA Mobile Device or said OWA Mobile Notebook is same system as said OWA.inFlight Mobile Device or Mobile Notebook in said In-Flight mode, and same system as OWA.Terrestrial Mobile Device or Mobile Notebook in said Terrestrial mode.
 11. A system as recited in claim 1 wherein said OWA.VMS is also utilized to be a virtual secretary for mobile user with said OWA Mobile Device or said OWA Mobile Notebook in both said Terrestrial mode and said In-Flight mode, and multiple said OWA Mobile Devices or said OWA Mobile Notebooks can share same said OWA.VMS.
 12. A system as recited in claim 1 wherein said OWA.inFlight Mobile Device or Mobile Notebook also supports wireline connection mode by plugging into said OWA.onBoard Wireless Router and Access Point through a networking cable or other forms of wiring in the aircraft.
 13. A system as recited in claim 8 wherein said in-flight broadcasting channel can utilize any short-distance wireless broadcasting method to be used in airborne cabins or aircrafts.
 14. A system as recited in claim 1 wherein said OWA.Air Transceiver supports same or different said RTTs (radio transmission technologies) in said Up-Link and said Down-Link channels to optimize the airborne transmission performance subject to spectrum efficiency, energy efficiency and transmission efficiency in different commercial environments or regions.
 15. A system as recited in claim 1 wherein said OWA.Air Transceiver has an onboard Server caching users' In-Flight broadband information and forwarding said In-Flight broadband information and traffics to said ground networks or other aircrafts in said Ad-Hoc or Mesh network, and vice verse.
 16. A method as recited in claim 1 wherein said airborne mobile Handover among multiple said Ground Cells is based on preloaded navigation routing information and said Ground Cells information, and thus said airborne mobile Handover is predictable and well planned in advance which can optimize the airborne connections more effectively and more stably, and further enable said airborne mobile Handover to be seamless and lossless.
 17. An Open Wireless Architecture (OWA) In-Flight Mobile Access Control protocol, said method comprising: a) An OWA Mobile Device or Mobile Notebook remaining in Terrestrial mode with Ground cellular networks if said OWA Mobile Device or Mobile Notebook not receiving an In-Flight Pilot Signal in aircraft cabins, b) said OWA Mobile Device or Mobile Notebook immediately turning off its Terrestrial radio transceivers, switching to In-Flight Mode accordingly after receiving said In-Flight Pilot Signal in aircraft cabins, and said OWA Mobile Device or Mobile Notebook becoming an OWA.inFlight Mobile Device or Mobile Notebook, c) Said OWA.inFlight Mobile Device or Mobile Notebook searching whether a WLAN.Air (wireless local area network for airborne in-flight connection) RTT (radio transmission technology) is available for aircraft in-flight connection, and said OWA.inFlight Mobile Device or Mobile Notebook being connected in said WLAN.Air connection mode if said WLAN.Air RTT is available, otherwise, said OWA.inFlight Mobile Device or Mobile Notebook further searching whether a WPAN.Air (wireless personal access network or personal area network for airborne in-flight connection) RTT (radio transmission technology) is available for aircraft in-flight connection, and said OWA.inFlight Mobile Device or Mobile Notebook being connected in said WPAN.Air connection mode if said WPAN.Air RTT is available, d) Said OWA.inFlight Mobile Device or Mobile Notebook further searching a standard WLAN (wireless local area network) RTT (radio transmission technology) or a standard WPAN (wireless personal access network or personal area network) RTT (radio transmission technology) if both said WLAN.Air RTT and said WPAN.Air RTT are not available for aircraft in-flight connection, and said OWA.inFlight Mobile Device or Mobile Notebook first reducing its radio transmitting power to the minimal level, then connecting to OWA In-Flight Network in said WLAN or said WPAN connection mode if either said WLAN RTT or said WPAN RTT is available, and e) Said OWA.inFlight Mobile Device or Mobile Notebook also supporting wireline connection mode by plugging into OWA.onBoard Wireless Router and Access Point through a networking cable or other forms of wiring in the aircraft.
 18. A method as recited in claim 17 wherein said In-Flight Pilot Signal can be broadcasted by any short-distance wireless broadcasting method used in airborne cabins or aircrafts.
 19. Systems as recited in claim 17 wherein said OWA In-Flight Network and all said RTTs for aircraft in-flight connections are fully controlled and managed by said OWA.onBoard Wireless Router and Access Point in the aircraft to avoid frequency interference with any aviation communication and navigation systems.
 20. A system as recited in claim 17 wherein said OWA Mobile Device or OWA Mobile Notebook supports open radio transmission technologies (RTTs) including terrestrial RTTs and in-flight RTTs based on open wireless architecture (OWA) in both terrestrial mode and in-flight mode. 